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Maine is a product of the Ice Age. The last glacier was responsible for
cutting what had been a relatively straight coastline into the hundreds of
bays, inlets and picturesque harbors we know today. The receding ice sheet
formed the 2,000 or so islands found off the Maine coast.
The region's earliest inhabitants were descendants of Ice
Age hunters. Little is known of these "Red Paint" people - so named because
of the red clay with which they lined the graves of their dead - except that
they flourished and hunted in Maine long before the coming of the Micmac and
Abnaki Indian nations.
Burial grounds for these earliest Maine dwellers are thought to date back to
3000 B.C. Huge oyster shell heaps on the Damariscotta estuary testify to the
capacious appetites of Maine's aborigines.
Of Maine's two earliest Indian nations, the Micmacs of eastern Maine and New
Brunswick were largely a warlike people, while the more numerous Abnakis (or
Wabanakis) were a peaceful nation, given to farming and fishing as a way of
life.
Although dozens of tribes once inhabited the land, only four tribes remain
today. In addition to the Passamaquoddies and Penoscots, the Micmacs (482)
live in Aroostook County, with headquarters in Presque Isle and the
Maliseets (554) are based near Houlton at their 800 acre tribal center.
March 8, 2000
Five hundred years before Columbus "discovered" America, Leif Ericson and a
crew of 30 Viking sailors are believed to have explored the Maine coast in
1498 and may have landed and tried to establish a settlement here. However,
the first permanent English settlements were not established until more than
a century later, in 1623.
In 1498, six years after Columbus landed in the West Indies, John Cabot, an
Italian sailor in the employ of King Henry Vii of England, sailed into North
American waters and may well have explored the Maine coast, although there
is no concrete evidence of it. hey claimed the area of Canada and Maine,
calling it Acadia.
A century after Cabot's voyage a number of European ships briefly visited
the area, some of them putting ashore to make repairs and process fish
catches.
Two wealthy Englishmen, Ferdinando Gorges and John Popham,
sent men to explore the Maine coast for England in 1605. Two years later, in
1607, the Plymouth Company from England established Popham Colony near the
mouth of the Kennebec River, the same year of the settlement at Jamestown,
Virginia. Because the Popham colony didn't survive the harsh Maine winters,
Jamestown enjoys the distinction of being regarded as America's first
permanent settlement.
A number of English settlements were established along the Maine coast in
the 1620s, although the rugged climate, deprivations and Indian attacks
wiped out many of them over the years.
As Maine entered the 18th century, only a half dozen settlements still
survived. By then, Massachusetts had bought up most of the land claims in
this wilderness territory, an arrangement which lasted until 1820 when Maine
separated from Massachusetts to become a separate state.
The question of Maine's ownership was a matter of continuing dispute between
England and France throughout the first half of the 18th century.
The period was also marked by a series of Indian raids on white settlements,
forays which had the active support of the French interested in seeing the
English settlers driven from the land.
France and England fought for control of the New England area during the
French and Indian Wars. With English victory, The Treaty of Paris ended all
French claims to Maine and most of North America in 1763. One of the
significant military developments of the French and Indian Wars was the
capture of the French fort at Louisburg, Nova Scotia, in 1745 by a
contingent of forces led by William Pepperell of Kittery.
After the Indian threat lessened in the mid-1700s, the population of Maine
began to grow, encouraged by an open offer by Massachusetts of 100-acre lots
free to anyone who would settle the northern province.
The population doubled from 12,000 to 24,000 between 1743 and 1763. By the
end of the century, the number of Maine settlers had grown to more than
150,000.
Resistance to the oppressive colonial tax policies of the British Parliament
began early in Maine.
In 1765 a mob seized a quantity of tax stamps at Falmouth (now Portland),
and attacks on customs agents in the province became common. A year after
the famous Boston Tea Party of 1773, Maine staged its own version of that
incident when a group of men burned a shipment of tea stored at York.
When open warfare finally erupted at Lexington and Concord, hundreds of
Maine men actively joined the struggle for independence. The province saw
plenty of action during the Revolution.
In 1775, British warships under the command of the notorious Capt. Henry
Mowatt shelled and burned Falmouth, an act intended to punish residents for
their opposition to the Crown, but which only served to stiffen Maine's
ardor for independence. The first naval action of the Revolutionary
War occurred in 1775 when colonials captured the British sloop Margaretta
off Machias on the Maine coast. In that same year, the British burned
Falmouth (now Portland), and many Maine men accompanied Col. Benedict
Arnold on a long march through the north woods in a valiant but fruitless
effort to capture Quebec. An ill-planned expedition by the American naval
fleet to regain the British-held fortification at Castine in 1779 led to the
most disastrous naval encounter of the war.
The Revolution cost Maine dearly. About 1,000 men lost their lives in the
war, the district's sea trade was all but destroyed, the principal city had
been leveled by British bombardment, and Maine's overall share of the war
debt amounted to more than would later be imposed upon it by the Civil War.
After the War of 1812, Maine wanted to separate from Massachusetts. Coastal
merchants, who held the balance of political power at the time, resisted the
separation movement until the War of 1812 showed that Massachusetts was
unable or unwilling to provide adequate protection for the people of the
district against British raids.
Delegates met for three weeks in October of 1819 in Portland to hammer out a
state constitution, a document strongly rooted in political independence,
religious freedom and popular control of government. The president of the
convention was William King, a prominent Bath merchant and shipbuilder who
subsequently became Maine's first governor.
With popular sentiment unified behind statehood, the
separation movement went forward. Congress established Maine as the 23rd
state under the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and Long its first governor..
This arrangement allowed Maine to join the Union as a free state, with
Missouri entering a year later as a slave state, thereby preserving the
numerical balance between free and slave states in the nation.
Between 1820 and 1860, Maine’s population grew by 300,000.
Fishing, mining and logging industries grew as well. Wood from Maine’s pine
forests was used to make ships and many other products. Ice was also cut out
of Maine’s rivers and shipped south. The new state had nine counties and 236
towns. Portland was selected as the state capital, but this was only
temporary. In 1832 the capital was moved to Augusta, a more centrally
located site.
The precise boundary line between Maine and New Brunswick remained a matter
of often-heated argument for years after the close of the Revolutionary War.
The dispute festered and smoldered until 1839, when it threatened to erupt
into open warfare. The Maine Legislature that year raised funds to support a
military force of 10,000 to protect the state's border claims at Madawaska.
Several hundred British regulars were dispatched to the scene from Quebec.
At this point the U.S. Congress entered the picture, approving $10 million
for military expenses should war break out. Nearly 50,000 troops were
readied for action, and Major General Winfield Scott was dispatched to the
scene. Scott managed to work out a temporary agreement between the two
parties before the so-called "War of the Aroostook" reached the point of
bloodshed. The Webster-Ashburton Treaty, hammered out in 1842 by U.S.
Secretary of State Daniel Webster and English special minister Lord
Ashburton, finally settled the question of where Maine's northeast boundary
lay.
In addition to lumbering, the traditional fishing and shipbuilding pursuits
entered a boom period. Ice harvesting, granite and lime quarrying also
developed as important industries.
Water-powered factories began to spring up beside the numerous sawmills
already located along Maine's important rivers. Textiles, paper and leather
products all became primary sources of manufacturing employment.
Fishing and farming were also important, but were subject to greater
economic fluctuations. The overall economic picture - although periodically
disturbed by such developments as the Civil War and the Industrial
Revolution - continued on a relatively prosperous course throughout the
remainder of the 19th century.
The world's first Total Abstinence Society was founded in Portland in 1815.
A state organization of temperance societies was formed in 1834, and within
a dozen years had developed enough political clout to force the enactment of
a state law prohibiting the sale of alcoholic spirits except for "medicinal
and mechanical" purposes.
Under the fiery leadership of Portland's Neal Dow - known
internationally as the "Father of Prohibition" - In 1846, Maine became the
first state to pass a law making alcoholic drinks illegal. Manufacturing and
selling alcohol remained illegal in Maine until 1856. This so-called "Maine
Law" remained in effect, in one form or another, until the repeal of
National Prohibition in 1934. Abolitionist societies were active
throughout the state 25 years before the outbreak of the War Between the
States.
Harriet Beecher Stowe, wife of a Bowdoin College professor, wrote "Uncle
Tom's Cabin" at Brunswick, Maine.
Thus, Maine's commitment to the Union cause during the war was considerable,
both philosophically and materially. Some 73,000 Maine men served with the
Union forces, and 10 percent of them lost their lives during the conflict.
Maine contributed the services of two great generals, Oliver Otis Howard,
who performed brilliantly at Gettysburg and Bull Run, and Joshua L.
Chamberlain, the hero of Little Round Top. Chamberlain commanded the Union
troops to whom Lee surrendered at Appomattox. After the war he was elected
governor of Maine.
Both generals were scholarly men. Howard was a principal founder of Howard
University and served as its first president. Chamberlain became president
of Bowdoin College.
Prohibition and the abolitionist movement gave the Republican Party its
start in Maine in 1854. Hannibal Hamlin, a Democratic U.S. senator who broke
with his party over the slavery question, was instrumental in forming the
Republican Party in Maine, and served as the state's first GOP governor. In
1860 Hamlin was elected the nation's first Republican vice president under
Abraham Lincoln.
Also during this period there emerged Maine's most influential 19th century
political figure, James G. Blaine. From the mid-1860s to the end of the
century Blaine virtually dominated state and national Republican politics,
as speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, a powerful U.S. senator,
and secretary of state in three Republican administrations. He was the GOP
presidential candidate in 1884, but lost narrowly to Grover Cleveland.
Thomas B. Reed served continuously in Congress through the final quarter of
the 19th century, and was its most powerful political figure during much of
that time. A three-term House speaker, Reed was a masterful parliamentarian
who used his position so vigorously to bring about vital reforms in House
rules that he became known as "Czar Reed." He literally rewrote the book on
parliamentary procedure: Reed's Rules of Order are still used in the Maine
Legislature.
Maine's textile and leather industries enjoyed a dramatic upward surge
following the Civil War, while farming activity correspondingly decreased.
Responding to Thomas Edison's discoveries in the 1890s, Maine began
utilizing its vast river resources for the development of hydroelectric
power. Plants for the production of electricity were built principally on
the Androscoggin, Kennebec, Penobscot and Saco Rivers.
Maine's industrial growth continued, although at a much slower pace, into
the 20th century. Expansion of the pulp and paper industry offset the loss
of textile mills to the South. Large potato-growing, dairy and poultry farms
replaced the decreasing number of small family farms.
The Great Depression of the 1930s brought the state's economy to a grinding
halt along with the rest of the nation.
During World War II (1939-1945), factories produced uniforms
and boots. Shipyards built destroyers and cargo ships. After the war, the
state government passed laws helping new industries to come to Maine. Tax
rates were reduced and roads were improved. In 1969, Maine approved state
personal and corporate income taxes.
Throughout the second half of the 20th century, Maine has
struggled to find a proper balance between resource-based industrial
development and environmental protection. The state has come to rely heavily
on tourism, small manufacturing enterprises and defense-related activities
and installations for much of its economic base.
In 1980, Passamaquoddy and Penobscot Indian tribes sued the
state of Maine to recover almost 12 million acres of land taken by white
settlers. These tribes dropped the lawsuit in exchange for $81½ million from
the federal government.
Perhaps the most important political phenomenon of modern
Maine is the emergence of independent voters as a dominating force.
Independents outnumber both enrolled Democrats and Republicans and provide
the swing vote in most elections today.
Margaret Chase Smith of Skowhegan achieved fame as the first
American woman elected to both houses of Congress. She was first elected to
the Senate in 1949 after nearly a decade in the House of Representatives.
Noted for her political courage, integrity and independence. Smith was the
first Republican senator to speak out openly against the excesses of
McCarthyism in the 1950s. In 1964, her name was placed in nomination for
president at the Republican National Convention in San Francisco.
With only rare lapses, the Republican Party dominated Maine
politics for a full century, from the birth of the GOP in 1854 until the
election of Edmund S. Muskie as governor in 1954. Muskie and a small band of
young progressives broadened the base of Democratic strength and began to
convert Maine into a genuine two-party state. Muskie was elected to the U.S.
Senate in 1958. He became an early leader in the fight for a clean
environment and also distinguished himself as an expert in urban legislation
and budget control. In 1968 he was the Democratic nominee for vice president
on a ticket headed by Hubert Humphrey, and four years later was a major
contender for the presidential nomination.
In 1974, they helped elect the nation's only independent
governor, James B. Longley of Lewiston. Longley was succeeded first by a
Democrat and then a Republican, but in 1994 Maine elected another
independent governor, Angus S. King, Jr. of Brunswick. Muskie was appointed
secretary of state by President Jimmy Carter in 1979. He was succeeded by
George J. Mitchell of Waterville, who went on to serve as Senate majority
leader from 1988 until his retirement from Congress in 1994.
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